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Trident Production

6 min readOct 3, 2025
The Study of Elementary Particles by the Photographic Method.

In the 5th edition of Intermediate Physics for Medicine and Biology, Russ Hobbie and I include two figures showing particle tracks in photographic emulsions: Fig. 15.27, tracks of 22 MeV alpha particles; and Fig. 15.28, tracks of an electron-positron pair. Both figures are reproduced from The Study of Elementary Particles by the Photographic Method. When preparing the 6th edition of IPMB, I obtained a copy of that book through interlibrary loan.

The book is fascinating. It was published in 1959, the year before I was born. All three coauthors are British, and are famous enough to have Wikipedia pages. Cecil Frank Powell was a particle physicist who received the Nobel Prize in 1950 for developing the photographic method for studying nuclear processes, and for using this method to discover the pion. He was trained at the Cavendish Laboratory working with Rutherford. He died in 1969. Peter Howard Fowler was a student of Powell’s who worked on cosmic radiation. He was a radar officer with the Royal Air Force during World War II, and was able to detect German radar jamming and identify its source, leading to a destruction of the responsible German radar station. He was married to physicist Rosemary Fowler, who discovered the kaon. His grandfather was Ernest Rutherford. Fowler died in 1996. Donald Hill Perkins discovered the negative pion. He studied proton decay, and found early evidence of neutrino oscillations. Perkins and Fowler were the first to suggest using pion beams as therapy for cancer in 1961 (The use of pions in medicine hasn’t panned out). Perkins died at the ripe old age of 97 in 2022.

When skimming through the book, I noticed an interesting illustration of a trident track produced by high energy electrons. It looks something like this:

A trident arises from the process of bremsstrahlung followed by pair production; both of which are described in IPMB. A fast electron interacts with an atomic nucleus, decelerating the electron and emitting a bremsstrahlung photon. This photon, if it has high enough energy, can then interact with an atomic nucleus to create an electron-positron pair. The intermediate photon can be “virtual,” existing only fleetingly. The end result is three particles: the original electron plus the pair. I gather that this requires a very high energy electron, and its cross-section is small, so it seems to contribute little to the dose in medical physics. The authors talk about the production of tridents for energies of more than a BeV, which is an old-fashioned way of saying a GeV, equivalent to 1000 MeV.

I’m glad Russ and I included figures from The Study of Elementary Particles by the Photographic Method. I hope I can figure out the permissions situation (the authors are all dead, and the publisher was sold to another company) and we can continue to include the figures in the 6th edition.

Posted by Intermediate Physics for Medicine and Biology at 5:00 AM

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5th edition of Intermediate Physics for Medicine and Biology

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Intermediate Physics for Medicine and Biology I am an emeritus professor of physics at Oakland University, and coauthor of the textbook Intermediate Physics for Medicine and Biology. The purpose of this blog is specifically to support and promote my textbook, and in general to illustrate applications of physics to medicine and biology. View my complete profile

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In the 5th edition of Intermediate Physics for Medicine and Biology, Russ Hobbie and I include two figures showing particle tracks in photographic emulsions: Fig. 15.27, tracks of 22 MeV alpha particles; and Fig. 15.28, tracks of an electron- positron pair. Both figures are reproduced from The Study of Elementary Particles by the Photographic Method. When preparing the 6th edition of IPMB, I obtained a copy of that book through interlibrary loan.

The book is fascinating. It was published in 1959, the year before I was born. All three coauthors are British, and are famous enough to have Wikipedia pages. Cecil Frank Powell was a particle physicist who received the Nobel Prize in 1950 for developing the photographic method for studying nuclear processes, and for using this method to discover the pion. He was trained at the Cavendish Laboratory working with Rutherford. He died in 1969. Peter Howard Fowler was a student of Powell’s who worked on cosmic radiation. He was a radar officer with the Royal Air Force during World War II, and was able to detect German radar jamming and identify its source, leading to a destruction of the responsible German radar station. He was married to physicist Rosemary Fowler, who discovered the kaon. His grandfather was Ernest Rutherford. Fowler died in 1996. Donald Hill Perkins discovered the negative pion. He studied proton decay, and found early evidence of neutrino oscillations. Perkins and Fowler were the first to suggest using pion beams as therapy for cancer in 1961 (The use of pions in medicine hasn’t panned out). Perkins died at the ripe old age of 97 in 2022.

When skimming through the book, I noticed an interesting illustration of a trident track produced by high energy electrons. It looks something like this:

A trident arises from the process of bremsstrahlung followed by pair production; both of which are described in . A fast electron interacts with an atomic nucleus, decelerating the electron and emitting a bremsstrahlung photon. This photon, if it has high enough energy, can then interact with an atomic nucleus to create an electron-positron pair. The intermediate photon can be “virtual,” existing only fleetingly. The end result is three particles: the original electron plus the pair. I gather that this requires a very high energy electron, and its cross-section is small, so it seems to contribute little to the dose in medical physics. The authors talk about the production of tridents for energies of more than a BeV, which is an old-fashioned way of saying a GeV, equivalent to 1000 MeV.

I’m glad Russ and I included figures fromThe Study of Elementary Particles by the Photographic Method. I hope I can figure out the permissions situation (the authors are all dead, and the publisher was sold to another company) and we can continue to include the figures in the 6th edition.

Originally published at http://hobbieroth.blogspot.com.

Trident
Elementary Particles
Physics
Bremsstrahlung
Pair Production

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Brad Roth
Brad Roth

Written by Brad Roth

190 followers
35 following

Professor of Physics at Oakland University and coauthor of the textbook Intermediate Physics for Medicine and Biology.

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